Potential biomarkers lie in abnormalities of gene sequences, neurotransmitter systems, and the structure and function of the brain. The biologically-oriented studies begin with genes, followed by the genetic influence on neurons through neurotransmitters and enzymes, and further with the structure and function of the central nervous system.īiomarkers for personality disorders, as well as other mental or somatic disorders, can help align the clinical classification with biology-based evidence, thus improving diagnostic accuracy, offering clues for research and treatment, and identifying high-risk populations. Besides the studies of environmental factors such as those focusing on childhood maltreatment or other traumatic experiences, biological investigations of personality disorders have been highly productive. This investigation also disclosed that personality disorders are significantly elevated among males, the previously married (Cluster C), the unemployed (Cluster C), the young (Cluster A and B), and the poorly-educated, and implies an environmental influence on the etiology of these disorders. In one diagnostic system, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - 5 th edition (DSM-5), personality disorders are divided into three clusters: cluster A, which includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal types cluster B, antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic and cluster C, avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive.Īn investigation conducted by the World Health Organization has shown that the prevalence estimates are 6.1% for any personality disorder, and 3.6%, 1.5%, and 2.7% for Clusters A, B, and C respectively. Patients with personality disorders have pervasive and long-standing traits which affect their perception, cognition, emotions and behavior, as well as their ability to function in interpersonal or other social roles. Personality disorders are characterized by an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of others or the related culture.
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